Reference Sources		Italian family, Ellis Island.  Lewis Hines (1905). Collection of Eastman House, Rochester, New York.  ArtStor Image Collection
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For background information and definitions refer to the following library reference works and online reference collections:

American Decades, Gale Research, 2001.
Main Level, Reference: R 973.9 Am35A [10 vols, supplement]
See volume 1 (1900-1910), article “Problems of Immigration.” By Frank P. Sargent (1904).. Each volumes has its own index. Look under heading “immigrants” for specific page numbers.

American Decades Primary Sources, Thomson Gale, 2004.
Main Level, Reference: R 973.9 Am35A suppl. [10 vols]
A companion to the American Decades series providing insight into the seminal issues, themes, movements and events from each decade of the 20th century through oral histories, songs, speeches, letters, photographs, advertisements, cartoons, and newspaper articles compiled in a print volume for each decade.

American Eras, Gale Research, 1997. 
Main Level, Reference: R973.8 Am35A [8 vols]
Check index for specific topics during a specific time period. Vols. 1-6 include information on slavery.

American Immigrant Cultures, Simon & Schuster Macmillan, 1997.
Main Level, Reference: R 305.800973 Am35A [2 vols]

Dictionary of American History, Thomson Learning, 2003.
Main Level, Reference:  R 973.03 D561D [10 vols]
Coverage includes political, military, and economic development, as well as the social, cultural, personal, and demographic considerations which contribute to the ever-expanding knowledge of the American experience. Entries include cross-references and bibliographies.
Access note: An earlier edition published in 1976 along with a supplement published in 1996 is available online in History Resource Center: U.S. . After connecting to the Advanced Search screen, select “Source” from the first drop-down menu and enter “Dictionary of American History” in the adjacent box. Then enter your search terms on the next line(s).

Dictionary of Race and Ethnic Relations, Routledge, 1996.
Main Level, Reference: R 305.8003 C268D

Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2002.
Main Level, Reference: R 327.73 En19E [3 vols]
Covers concepts and doctrines, policymaking, commerce and science, human rights and arms control, with specific articles on topics ranging from anti-imperialism to environmental diplomacy, from refugee policies to terrorism and countermeasures. Use index (volume 3) for specific topics. Main entry for “Immigration” (vol. 2, pp.203-216) provides a good historical overview of U.S.policy on the matter.

Encyclopedia of American Immigration, M. E. Sharpe, 2001.
Main Level, Reference: R 304.8 En19E [4 vols]

Encyclopedia of Community  [Sage eReference], SAGE Publications, 2003. Community itself is a concept, an experience, and a central part of being human. Whether the reader is a student, researcher, or professional in the field of psychology, sociology, or even economics, this three-volume work will provide the necessary definitions of community beyond traditional views. Arranged in an A-to-Z fashion, the Encyclopedia can also be viewed topically via a Reader's Guide. This allows for interdisciplinary "compare and contrast" among topics such as types of communities, social capital, technology, urban life, politics and law, community design, and global studies.

Encyclopedia of Immigration and Migration in the American West [SAGE eReference], SAGE Publications, 2006.
This comprehensive survey of the spread of individuals and groups across the trans--Mississippi West contains more than 300 articles. Bakken, a history professor at California State University-Fullerton, and Kindell, a doctoral candidate at Iowa State University, worked with more than 100 contributors to provide coverage of individuals, groups, places, events, policies, and other topics. Examples of entries include Dry farming; Fresno, California; Gold; Homestead Act; Mormon colonization of Utah; Okies; Route 66; Women on the emigrant trails; and World War II defense industries. Among the 31 individuals who are covered are Stephen Fuller Austin, Levi Strauss, and Sarah Winnemucca. Entry length ranges from half of a page to 10 pages. Each entry includes suggested readings, and a "Master Bibliography" listing standard works as well as current research is repeated in each volume. Also in each volume are an alphabetical and a topical list of articles. Volume 2 contains several "Research Guides" for those who want to delve deeper into certain topics. The very detailed index is an important tool, since not all entry headings are intuitive. A few black-and-white maps and photographs are scattered throughout the text.

Emphasis is on ethnic and racial diversity, with topics such as Chileans and the California gold rush, Chinatowns, Euro-American migration of the overland trails, Japanese internment, and Trail of Tears. Tribal histories, such as Creek Nation and Washoe, are among the longest articles in the set. Many entries offer glimpses of individual struggles and movements that produced hostility and territoriality as well as innovation, husbandry, and stable nuclei of surviving cities. The writing is engaging, sometimes stirring. Commentary on demographics and social interaction illuminates the roles of simple folk in the exploration and settlement of the Great Plains and the gradual decimation and displacement of First Nations. (from BookList) (includes browseable index with linked entries ---good for exploring topics)

Encyclopedia of Multiculturalism, Marshall Cavendish, 1994, 1998.
Main Level, Reference: R 306.446 En19E [8 vols]

Encyclopedia of Population [Gale Virtual Reference Library], Macmillan Reference USA, 2003.
Provides expanded, up-to-date coverage of demographic topics both in the core field and in neighboring disciplines. Designed to encompass the large-scale changes in emphasis and research directions in population studies during the last 20 years, topics covered include: rapid demographic expansion in poor countries; low fertility rates and problems of old-age support; the environmental impact of a dense population; the press for expanded reproductive rights; and much more. Also available in print, Main Level, Reference: R 304.603 En19E [2 vols]

Encyclopedia of Social Welfare History in North America  [SAGE eReference], Sage Publications, c2005.
Includes entry on Immigration and Social Welfare Policy (United States)

Encyclopedia of the North American Colonies [History Resource Center: U.S.], Charles Scribner's Sons, 1993.
Covers all aspects of North American colonies from 985 to 1867. History and social history are covered, such as labor systems, folkways, technology, arts, settlements, government, economy, life courses, and social interactions. Includes a chronology, maps and index.
Access note: After connecting to the Advanced Search screen, select “Source” from the first drop-down menu and enter “Encyclopedia of the United States in the Nineteenth Century” in the adjacent box. Then enter your search terms on the next line(s).
Also available Main Level, Reference: R 940.03 En19E [3 vols]

Encyclopedia of the United States in the Nineteenth Century [History Resource Center: U.S.], Charles Scribner's Sons, 2001.
Entries cover population, politics and government, economy and work, society and culture, religion, social reform, foreign policy and more with illustrations and maps, a chronology, original documents and complete index.
Access note: After connecting to the Advanced Search screen, select “Source” from the first drop-down menu and enter “Encyclopedia of the United States in the Nineteenth Century” in the adjacent box. Then enter your search terms on the next line(s)

Encyclopedia of the United States in the Twentieth Century, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1996.
Main Level, Reference: R 973.003 En19E [5 vols]
Presents lengthy essays on political, economic, social, cultural, and technological developments that have marked the century. Includes cross-references, bibliographical essays, a chronology, and an index volume.

Encyclopedia of U.S. Foreign Relations, Oxford, 1997.
Main Level, Reference: R 327.73 En19E2 [4 vols]
Essays on major aspects of U.S. foreign relations, such as the American Revolution, the world wars, the environment, and international trade and commerce including a chronology of U.S. foreign relations, a table of national data, and a bibliography. Vol.4 contains index; use this to look up specific topics, such as Irish Americans, Japanese immigrants (has subheadings such as “Gentlemen’s Agreements,”  “internment during World War II,” and “segregation of San Francisco schools.”)

Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America [Gale Virtual Reference Library], Gale Group, 2000.
“Signed, scholarly articles covering a variety of ethnic groups within the U.S., including immigrant and native cultures. Each article presents an overview, ethnic relations, assimilation, traditions, culture, economic conditions, organizations and much more. Sources for additional study are listed for each group. The first volume contains a listing of the articles included; the third volume contains an index.” Also available in print,  Main Level, Reference: R 305.800973 G131G

Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups, Belknap Press, 1980.
Main Level, Reference: R 973.04 H261H   Although somewhat dated, this title provides an excellent historical overview of emigration to the United States by various nationalities and ethnic groups.

New Dictionary of the History of Ideas [Gale Virtual Reference Library], Charles Scribner's Sons, 2005.
More an encyclopedia than a dictionary, this set provides articles from a distinguished team of international scholars and is "designed to introduce a general audience to the main ideas and movements of global cultural history from antiquity to the twenty-first century.” A search for “immigration” retrieves nine entries, including  “Americanization, U.S.,” “Asian-American Ideas (Cultural Migration),”  and “Reception of Asians to the United States.”
Also available in print,  Main Level, Reference: R 903 N42N [6 vols]

The Handbook of International Migration: The American Experience, Russell Sage Foundation, 1999.  
Upper Level, Circulating Collection: 304.873 H191H

Multiculturalism in the United States: A Comparative Guide to Acculturation and Ethnicity, Greenwood Press, 2005. 
Upper Level, Circulating Collection: 305.800973 M919M

The Oxford Companion to United States History [Oxford Reference Online], Oxford University Press, 2004. 
Entry on “Immigration” provides historical overview for periods 1840–1890. 1891–1930. 1930–1960.,  and 1960–2000.  Other relevant entries include “Americanization Movement,” and “Immigrant Labor,” as well as entries by country/region of origin (Asian Americans, Irish Americans, Italian Americans, Scandinavian Americans, etc.)
Also available in print, Main Level, Reference: R 973.03 Ox2O 

Immigrant America : European Ethnicity in the United States, Garland Pub., 1994. 
Upper Level, Circulating Collection: 305.84 Im6I
Contents: Beyond "America for Americans": inside the movement culture of antebellum nativism / Dale T. Knobel -- Becoming American: assimilation, pluralism, and ethnic identity / David L. Salvaterra -- Us and them: personal reflections on ethnic literature / Betty Ann Burch -- Home is where the heart is: immigrant mobility and home ownership / Gordon W. Kirk, Jr., Carolyn Tyirin Kirk -- Parents and children: fundamental questions about immigrant family life / Mary Elizabeth Brown -- Mothers and daughter: Nassau County Italian American women / Mary Jane Capozzoli Ingui -- The religious factor in immigration: the Dutch experience / Robert P. Swierenga -- The ethnic dimension in American Catholic parochial education / Timothy Walch -- The world of work: the Croatians of Whiting, Indiana / Edward A. Zivich -- The changing face of ethnic politics: from political machine to community organization / Edward R. Kantowicz -- The ethnic frontier: rural Germans and the settlement of America / La Vern J. Rippley -- Ethnic elites and their organizations: the St. Louis experience, 1900-1925 / Margaret LoPiccolo Sullivan.

Atlas of American Migration, Facts on File, 1998.
Upper Level, Circulating Collection: 304.80973 F613A.

Historical Census Browser [University of Virginia Library]
Census data from 1790 to 1960, drawn directly from historical volumes of the U.S. Census of Population and Housing. The Browser allows users to view category data over a number of years. By using “Ethnicity/Race/Place of Birth” category, users can map immigrant population by date and by state.

Guidelines for Writing Papers in History Courses, Dr. Richard Heiser, History Dept.

Suggestions for Paper Writers, Dr. Anita Gustafson, History Dept.

Writing Center, Presbyterian College
Citation styles, writing guides, and scheduling an appointment with a tutor.